Introduction
Fifteen
years ago, in September 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the first
common international development framework was introduced and adopted by 189 UN
member states (Childs 2015: n.p). From 2000
until today, the international development agenda has been centred on the MDGs
which consist of eight goals which range from “eradicate extreme poverty,
achieve primary education for all, promote gender equality, combat HIV/AIDS and
malaria, improve maternal health, achieve environmental sustainability and
build global partnership for development” (UN 2014:
6-50). Progress towards the MDGs is measured trough its 21 official
targets and 60 indicators and have a deadline to be achieved by 2015 and using
data in 1990 as the baseline (UN 2014: 54).
As
the deadline for the MDGs approaches, the United Nations (UN) and the
International Communities have started to discuss and develop a new
international development framework as a continuation of the MDGs (OECD 2015: 1). In 2012, the first formal debate
regarding the Sustainable Development occurred at the United Nations Conference
on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, or often called as Rio+20) in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil which focused on reducing poverty, social equity and protection
of environment to get to the future we want (UNCSD
2012: n.p). In March 2015, the outcome document of UNCSD entitled “The
Future We Want” submitted to the UN General Assembly and consists of 17 goals
ranging from ending poverty and hunger, gender equality, reducing inequality
within and among countries to strengthening the means of implementation for
sustainable development (UN 2015: n.p).
Another
discussion and debate on the new framework for international development also
facilitated by the UN by establishing the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons
(HLPEP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. In July 2012, the UN Secretary
General announced the 27 members of HLPEP which chaired by Indonesian President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and the
United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron to advise on the global development
framework beyond MDGs (UN 2014: n.p). In May
2013, the outcome document of the HLPEP entitled “A New Global Partnership”
submitted to the UN Secretary General and consists of 12 goals such as: ending
poverty, gender equality, quality education for all, healthy lives, good
governance, ensure stable and peaceful societies and long-term finance for
development (UN 2013: 32-59).
Currently, the UN is still in the process of defining the new framework for global development agenda based on several inputs and recommendations from the SDG Open Working Group, the HLPEP and other parallel processes (Anderson 2013: n.p). The new agenda will be launched at the UN Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda at 25-27 September 2015 (IISD 2015: n.p).
Currently, the UN is still in the process of defining the new framework for global development agenda based on several inputs and recommendations from the SDG Open Working Group, the HLPEP and other parallel processes (Anderson 2013: n.p). The new agenda will be launched at the UN Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda at 25-27 September 2015 (IISD 2015: n.p).
According
to Moss (2010, as cited by Melamed and Scott 2011:
1) a key component for the Post-2015 Development Agenda is learning and
examining the success and failure of the MDGs. In doing so, this paper aimed at
discussing lesson learned from the implementation and achievement of the MDGs, commitment
of under-developed, developing, and developed countries to the MDGs, process
and outputs of the HLPEP on the Post-2015 Development Agenda and Open Working
Group on Sustainable Development Goals, criticism to the MDGs and finally what
should be done in order to achieve the real global development trough the new
international development framework.
Millennium Development Goals
At
the UN Millennium Summit – the largest gathering of world leaders in history – on
18 September 2000, the MDGs were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
(UNGA) and 189 countries signed up to the resolution or UN Millennium
Declaration [A/RES/55/2] and committing themselves to eradicate extreme poverty
by 2015 (Rigg 2008: 30; Unicef 2014: n.p).
To help track progress toward this commitment, the Millennium Development
Goals, a time-bound and quantified goals, targets and indicators were developed
for combating poverty in many dimensions (UNMP
2006: n.p; Unicef 2014: n.p). Trough their goals, targets and
indicators, the MDGs have two main purposes; firstly the MDGs act as a global
norm to mobilise development assistance resources from around the world and
secondly as a commitment to hold donor communities and governments to work
together to achieve the goals (Save the Children
2012: 1-2).
In
the 2014 report, several achievements have been highlighted such as: the MDGs
have succeeded in halving global poverty in 2010 or five years ahead of the
time frame by reducing the number of people living under extreme poverty by 700
million, almost all children (ninety percent) in developing countries enjoy
primary education, disparities in enrolment between girls and boys have
narrowed significantly, the MDGs saved about 17.000 children every day and the
world also succeeded in improving access to sources of drinking water for more
than 2.3 billion people (UN 2015: 3-4).
On
the other hand, the Report also acknowledges that despite the achievements have
been made, more effort is needed to achieve several targets and to overcome the
significant gaps and disparities within and among countries. Several targets
that need more efforts such as: one in four young children (or 162 million in
total) is still affected chronic under-nutrition, child and maternal mortality,
improved sanitation facilities as about a billion people still resorted to open
defecation which affects community lives negatively, and special attention must
be given to Africa as according to World Bank projections, sub-Saharan Africa
will not meet the MDGs by 2015 (UN 2015: 4-9).
Criticism to the MDGs
In
spite of their achievements and strengths such as: simplicity, measurability,
deadline-driven, consensus-driven and data improvements (Higgins 2013: 3), the MDGs also have been globally criticised.
Melamed and Scott (2011: 2-4) point out
several weaknesses of the MDGs such as: MDGs are donor-led agenda, miss out on
important dimensions of development and neglect the poorest and the most
vulnerable people. Clemens and Moss (2005: n.p)
supported by Easterly (2008: 26-35) argue
that the MDGs are unfair to Africa and Africa will not meet any of the goals. MDGs
have also been criticised because of the low commitment from the UN member
countries. Data from OECD (2008) show that
most of rich countries failed to fulfill the 0,7% of GNI for development
assistance. In addition, Harris and Provost (2013:
n.p) state that the MDGs are a minimalist interpretation of the
Millennium Declaration and leaving out important issues such as security and
peace.
MDGs are donor-led
One
of the limitations of the MDGs is “donor-driven agenda”. Small group of donor
country experts dominated the process for developing and establishing the goals,
targets and indicators (Higgins 2013: 3). In addition, Melamed and Scott (2011: 2) also contend that donor-driven agenda is
a major criticism of the MDGs because MDGs pay little attention to local
context. Easterly (2009, as cited by Melamed and
Scott 2011: 2) gives example that MDGs stigmatise and penalise the
poorest countries where meeting the goals is a great challenge.
This
is in line with the politics of international aid in the implementation of the
MDGs. Example of this is the new development policy of Australia. It stated in
the Australian aid framework that the goal of the foreign aid investments is to
achieve Australia’s national interest (DFAT 2015:
n.p). Lasenksy (2003: n.p) also gives
example on how foreign aid serves the US national interest by reducing aid for
MDGs and channelled more aid in the war against terrorism and the fact that the
largest recipient of American foreign aid is Israel, a wealthy country.
Miss out crucial dimensions
Melamed
and Scott (2011: 2) identify several missing
dimension of the MDGs including the quality of education, climate change,
economic growth, human rights, good governance, infrastructure and
security. In addition, German Watch (2010: 8) illustrates the missing dimensions of
the MDGs especially when the MDG Agenda meets the Climate Agenda. These
including: climate security, energy security, economic security and human
security. There are synergies and
trade-offs in tackling the agendas, therefore it’s important to align the MDGs
and Climate actions such as: fighting poverty and promoting renewable energy (German Watch 2010: 8).
The
root of this is the minimalist interpretation to the Millennium Declaration. The
Millennium Declaration and the MDGs are two different documents. The Millennium
Declaration was internationally agreed, but the MDGs were not (Sumner 2011: 2). It can be seen from the
Millennium Declaration that most of the crucial dimensions such as:
international peace and security, human rights, good governance and economic
growth were already stated in the declaration (UN
2000: n.p) but failed to be interpreted to the MDGs (Harris and Provost 2013: n.p).
Neglect the poorest and the vulnerable
The
achievements of the MDGs are based on average progress at national and global
levels (Melamed and Scott 2011: 2). With
this approach, the MDG progress may look impressive in some countries, while
the very poorest is actually getting worse (Murphy
2015: n.p; Melamed and Scott 2011: 2).
Jones, Holmes and Espey (2008: 1-4) point out that in the MDGs, however, gender is only
explicit in goal 3 in education, employment and legislative and goal 5 in
maternal mortality whereas the other MDG indicators are gender-blind. A failure
to deal with gender issues will become a barrier in achieving MDGs (Jones, Holmes and Espey 2008: 1-4).
MDGs are unfair to Africa
Easterly
(2008: 26-27) argues that the MDGs are
poorly designed to measure achievement and progress against poverty and the
design makes Africa look worse than it really is. Moreover, Easterly (2008: 26-27) also argues that some African
successes are portrayed as failures because of the way in which the MDG targets
and indicators are set.
In
addition, Moyo (2009, as cited by Edemariam 2009:
n.p) argues that Africa has not benefitted by the foreign aid and international
development practice provided. It has not made Africa better off, despite
receiving more than $ 1 trillion from the donor countries. Moreover, when aid
was at its peak in Africa between 1970 -1998, the poverty rate in Africa rose
significantly from 11% to 66% or about 600 million people are now trapped in
poverty (Edemariam
2009: n.p). According to the UN Word Summit Declaration in 2005, Africa
is the only continent not on track to meet any of the goals of the MDGs by 2015
(Easterly 2008: 26).
Lack of commitment
The word “commitment” is one of the keywords
in the values and principles of the Millennium Declaration (UN 2000: n.p). Moreover, one of the fundamental
values to be essential in the Millennium Declaration is “shared responsibility”
which means that responsibility for managing worldwide social and economic
development as well as international peace and security must be shared among
the nations (UN 2000: n.p).
On
the other hand, the 0.7% target which refers to the commitment of the rich
countries to commit 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI) to Official
Development Assistant (ODA) failed to be fulfilled by the rich countries (UNMP 2006: n.p). Furthermore, Shah (2014: n.p) analyses that since 1970 – when the
world’s rich countries agreed on the 0.7% target – rich countries have rarely
met the promised target and in reality, both quality and quantity of aid have
been generally poor.
Outputs of the Post-2015 dialogues:
Outputs of the Post-2015 dialogues:
There two main processes facilitated by the UN for the development of a new international development framework: The High Level Panel of Eminent Person on the Post-2015 Development Agenda and The Open Working Group for Sustainable Development Goals.
The High Level Panel of Eminent Person
on the Post-2015 Development Agenda
In
July 2012, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, tasked Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and David Cameron to chair a twenty-seven
person panel to make recommendations on the development agenda beyond 2015 (UN 2013: n.p). In their report entitled A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty
and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development, they concluded
that the post-2015 agenda is a universal agenda and needs to be driven by five
big transformative shifts: “leave no one behind, put sustainable development at
core, transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth, build peace and
effective, open and accountable institutions for all and forge a new global
partnership” (UN 2013: 7-9).
In
all, the chairs reviewed recommendations for goals and targets from over 5000
civil society organisations including grassroots and global organisations,
working in about 120 countries, consulted the CEOs of 250 companies in 30
countries, scholars from developing and developed countries, international,
national and local NGOs and also parliamentarians (UN
2013: 2).
On
May 2013, Yudhoyono, the Panel’s co-chair handed over the report to UN
Secretary General (UNSG 2014: n.p). The
report contains 12 universal goals along with 54 targets and comparing to the
MDGs, they are more integrated and linked (Roth
2013: n.p). The goals are:
No
|
Proposed
goals
|
No of
targets
|
1
|
End poverty
|
4 targets
|
2
|
Empower girls and women and achieve gender equality
|
4 targets
|
3
|
Provide quality education and lifelong learning
|
4 targets
|
4
|
Ensure healthy lives
|
5 targets
|
5
|
Ensure food security and good nutrition
|
5 targets
|
6
|
Achieve universal access to water and sanitation
|
4 targets
|
7
|
Secure sustainable energy
|
4 targets
|
8
|
Create jobs, sustainable livelihoods, and equitable growth
|
4 targets
|
9
|
Manage natural resource assets sustainably
|
5 targets
|
10
|
Ensure good governance and effective institutions
|
5 targets
|
11
|
Ensure stable and peaceful societies
|
4 targets
|
12
|
Create a global enabling environment and catalyze
long-term finance
|
6 targets
|
TOTAL: 12
Goals
|
54 targets
|
Source: HLPEP Report “A New Global
Partnership” (UN 2013: 30-31)
Open Working Group for Sustainable
Development Goals (Rio+20)
The main outcome of the United Nations Conference
on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) which held in Brazil in June 2012 was the
agreement to develop a set of sustainable development goals (SDGs) (UNDESA: 2015: n.p). The Open Working Group (OWG),
a 30-member of the General Assembly which was established on 22 January 2013
and is tasked to prepare a proposal on the SDGs has finalised their proposal to
the UN General Assembly and proposed 17 goals for a new international
development framework (UNDESA 2015: n.p).
The goals are:
No
|
Proposed goals
|
No of targets
|
1
|
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
|
5 targets, 2 MoI
|
2
|
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
|
5 targets, 3 MoI
|
3
|
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
|
9 targets, 4 MoI
|
4
|
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
|
7 targets, 3 MoI
|
5
|
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
|
6 targets, 3 MoI
|
6
|
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all
|
6 targets, 2 MoI
|
7
|
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all
|
3 targets, 2 MoI
|
8
|
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
|
10 targets, 2 MoI
|
9
|
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
|
5 targets, 3 MoI
|
10
|
Reduce inequality within and among countries
|
7 targets, 3 MoI
|
11
|
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
|
7 targets, 3 MoI
|
12
|
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
|
8 targets, 3 MoI
|
13
|
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
|
3 targets, 2 MoI
|
14
|
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
|
7 targets, 3 MoI
|
15
|
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
|
9 targets, 3 MoI
|
16
|
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
|
10 targets, 2 MoI
|
17
|
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development
|
19 targets
|
TOTAL 17
goals
169 Targets (126
outcome targets, 43 MoI)
|
MoI = Means
of Implementations | Source: UNDESA 2015, UN
Habitat 2015
What need to be done?
In
developing the new framework after MDGs, by learning the process, success and
failure of the MDGs above, the new development framework must tackle the most
pressing development problems and
must reflect current thinking of aid and development (Melamed
and Scott 2011: 2). In addition, Harris and Provost (2013: n.p) contend that the new framework must
have better data and statistic and the need to ensure that the targets must be
met by all social and economic group.
Tackle the most pressing global issues
The
MDGs, current development framework, were debated in 1990s and agreed in 2000
when most people lived in rural areas, poor people lived in poor countries, no
concern of climate change, far from political issue that it is today (Melamed and Scott 2011: 2). Now the world looks
quite different with many poor people living in middle income countries, and
huge inequality within and among nations. Some key issues need to be addressed
such as: urbanisation, climate change, chronic poverty and inequality, jobs, equitable
growth, security and governance (Higgins 2013: 3; Denney 2012: 1-7; Melamed
and Scott 2011: 3). Example of inequality can be drawn from Indonesia, a
developing and middle income country. A study conducted in 2010 by an NGO
revealed that the wealth of the top 40 richest people in Indonesia was
equivalent of 10.3 percent of the national GDP and also equalled the wealth of
60 million of the poorest people (Wasono 2014:
n.p).
Reflect current thinking of aid and
development
The current development framework is donor-driven
agenda and based on donor-recipient model of aid (Higgins
2013: 3; Melamed and Scott 2011: 3). With the most of poor people now
living in middle income countries and the rise of new challenge such as climate
change and security concerns, the donor-recipient model may no longer suitable
for to end poverty (Melamed and Scott 2011: 4).
Country
ownership
MDGs have been successful in their average
achievement at the global level but less successful at the country-level. With
this fact, and also in line with the need of current thinking of development
above, country ownership to the new framework need to be strengthened (Kenny 2014: n.p; Higgins 2013: 3).
Data Revolution
The need for a “data revolution” was first expressed
by the report of the HLPEP on Post-2015 Development Agenda. The report calls “for
a data revolution for sustainable development with an international initiative
to improve the quality of information and statistics” in all countries by
taking advantage of new technology to strengthen accountability and assist the
decision-making process (HLPEP Report 2014: 21-24; Harris and Provost 2013).
Fulfill the commitments
Learning
from the failure of the MDGs to attract commitment from rich countries to give
the 0.7% target and commitment from underdeveloped and developing countries to
work hard to achieve the MDGs targets, the HLPEP Report points out the
importance of sharing commitment and accountability to achieve the new targets
in 2030 (HLPEP Report 2013: 27). Moreover, Higgins
(2013: 3) argues that the new framework must
have specific quantitative targets or deadline for rich countries to meet to
bind the industrialised countries with different commitments.
Conclusion
It
is indubitable that MDGs show some major achievements at global level but the
achievements cannot be generalise as a success of MDGs in most countries
because the poorest and most vulnerable people are actually getting worse and
the targets cannot be met in most of African countries.
The
world is changing and facing different development issues compare to the world
issues in 1990s when the MDGs discussed, debated and agreed. Learning from
these facts, several parallel processes with the participation of
multi-stakeholders have been facilitated by the UN and resulted several new
ambitious goals and targets to be started in 2015 and achieved in 2030.
Learning
from the minimalist interpretation of the Millennium Declaration to the MDGs, the
new international development framework need to combine the proposals resulted
from the long process both in the HLPEP and the OWG-SDGs and come up with new
paradigm and commitment.
Written
by: Agung Wasono (June 2015)
***
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